A Research Based On A Cross Country Data Essay - 1216 Words

Mauro (1995) conducted a research based on a cross-country data to evaluate causes of corruption worldwide. In â€Å"Corruption and Growth†, he describes the relationship between corruption and economic growth of different countries over the period 1971-1979 and 1980-1983. In his research, Mauro used indices related to corruption from Business International Corporation which sells indices to banks, companies, and investors. The indices are based on the responses of the BI’s analysts from more than 70 countries, and they reflect analysts’ perspective on conditions in a country. The indices have values between 1 and 10, and higher values correspond to a better quality of institutions. Mauro has used nine indices, which, in his opinion, are the best determinants of institutional efficiency: political change (a change in institutional framework due to elections), political stability (disintegration of political activities), probability of opposition group takeover (p robability of the opposition to gain power), stability of labor (possibility of labor disruption), relationship with neighboring countries, terrorism, legal system (efficiency of labor environment), red tape (bureaucracy), corruption. Mauro separated those nine indices into two groups based on how closely the indices are correlated. The first group is labeled as bureaucratic efficiency and includes variables such as legal system, red tape, and corruption. The second group of variables is labeled as political stability andShow MoreRelatedA Causal Relationship Between State Citizenship Law And Human Rights Violation Of Female Migrant Workers870 Words   |  4 Pagesmigrant workers in specific, and to shed light on gendered aspects in cross-border migration, which has not been examined enough in migration studies (Castles and Davidson, 2000; Mahler and Pessar, 2001 and 2006) in general, it premises several feminist ideas regarding cross-border migration studies. Specifically, this pap er regards female migrants not as mere victims, but proactive agency in cross-border migration, who cross border not only as a company of her husband, but also as an individualRead MoreThe Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms907 Words   |  4 Pagesinternationalisation process theories. Three research questions were developed to address the objectives of this study (1) Do existing internationalisation theories explain the internationalisation process of Nigerian firms? (2) How do emerging markets multinationals evolve and expand over time? (3) How do EMNCs internationalise at the early stage of their foreign expansion? With a study design using multiple data collection methods, the appropriate data analysis technique is paramount to enhanceRead MoreThe European Union And Its Institutions1183 Words   |  5 Pages Research question Based upon the brief introduction to the research area, it is now possible to derive the research question of interest: How is individual identification with prerequisites for a deliberative process related to individual trust in the European Union and its institutions? As mentioned in the previous section, the idea presented by Habermas is normative in nature, which requires the empirical investigation to focus on the relevant process leading towards the desired ‘state of theRead MoreData And Method, Laportas Legal Environment Database, And Capital Iq1704 Words   |  7 PagesData and Method I use five datasets: Worldscope, Capital IQ, ADR database, Laporta’s legal environment database, and Hofstede’s national culture indexes. In this work, I use Worldscope to obtain data on a firm’s financial information and capital IQ to find the information on CEO turnover. Through this research, I found the list of cross-listed firms at the Bank of New York and Citibank’s ADR directory. I have three measures for cross listing. ADR contains all cross-listing’s in U.S. with the highRead MoreThe Global Consumption Of Oil951 Words   |  4 PagesAdministration (EIA),Venezuela and Saudi Arabia are the top 2 countries with the most proven crude oil reserves and over 90% of their export revenues come from oil . In addition, since 1980, OPEC’s share of oil revenue in total exports has been consistently over 60%, with the net export revenue at US$730 billion . Hence any disturbance in the oil sector will cause a drastic impact on these economies. T his can be illustrated in research where it has provided evidence for a negative relationship betweenRead MoreThe Collective Programming Of The Mind1520 Words   |  7 Pagessociety† (Inglehart, 1997). Definitions of culture change depending of the focus, units of measurement and disciplines of study. Within the same context, studies about culture adopt different constructs based on distinctive criteria, which are always subject to debate. Nevertheless, cross-cultural research brought a great deal of improvements into business and managerial studies. â€Å"Nationality and culture tend to coincide† (Hofstede, 1983), despite the fact that nations envelop a wide range of subculturesRead MoreDeveloping A Cross Cultural Training Process1513 Words   |  7 Pageshave tried developing themselves in order to accommodate this change across the world. To manage those new market, companies’ human resources developed the concept of expatriation which is the process of send ing someone from the company to a host-country where the firm is now operating to support the management operations. The process of expatriation has a high cost and the business needs to invest a lot in it. The risk is that it can be a huge failure, a failure which most of the time is translatedRead MoreIntroduction And Background Of Mobile Money Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesor payment instructions, while corresponding cash value is safely in a bank. The balance on the value account can be accessed via the mobile phone, which is also used to transmit instant transfer or payment instructions. M-Pesa is a mobile phone-based money transfer, financing and microfinancing service, launched in 2007 and 2008 by Vodafone for Safaricom and Vodacom, the largest mobile network operators in Kenya and Tanzania respectively. M-Pesa allows users to deposit, withdraw, transfer moneyRead MoreUtilization Rates of Pedestrian Bridges in Kuala Lumpur1010 Words   |  4 Pagesovercoming accidents and offers safety. However, due to the added travel distance, most of the pedestrians normally avoid using these bridges. This in turn, adds to traffic congestion and accidents that involve pedestrians. For the purposes of this research evaluation, the site selections are around the city of Kuala Lumpur. ¬Ã‚ ¬ Background to the Study Pedestrian bridges may offer safety and protection to the users but pedestrians often avoid using these facilities. According to the survey that hasRead MoreHofstede And Globe ( Global Leadership And Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness1496 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This report is comparison between Hofstede and GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness) research on Culture and Leadership. Hofstede and GLOBE is similar, they both investigation the behaviour of organisations in different countries and across culture. But the way and research scope still quite different. In this report we will summarized and reviewed the theoretical dimension of various culture and leadership. Include the deficiencies in Hofstede’s work which the

Continental Airlines - 1616 Words

Managing IT for Business Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation Questions: 1. Why is it necessary to have top management support for the implementation of technology innovations? Innovation implementation require adequate resources including money, but more importantly, people and time. These resources will not be formed without top management support. Top management support is essential for the project since it is they who allocate the funds which turn the wheels of changes in the organization. At all stage of implementation, management must monitor and change the process if necessary (Mohini and Dianne, 2004). In the case of Continental Airlines, Janet Wejman who were the Chief†¦show more content†¦There will be also a reduced sense of control after outsourcing. Close monitoring are required for both parties to ensure the performance and operation comply the contract along the way. 4. Why must long-term outsourcing contracts be flexible? IT field as one of the fast moving industry among other industries. The changes in the business operations periodically require upgrade or even changes in technologies. The obvious example from Continental case was the shift in technologies from mainframe to client-server. Continental will face some difficulties if they are not able to equip with the newer technologies which is a very competitive edge in the competition. With a proper management of the up-to-date outsourcing contract, Continental are able to explore and expand their current business opportunity. Besides that, flexibility for the outsourcing contracts are required to narrow down the gap between Continental and EDS. As both company have their own management style and operation, there will not be a perfect solution given only at a point of time. Close coordination, review meeting, monthly meeting and other communication channel are required for a long term cooperation. Once the gap or difficulties are identified, both c ompany are not only obeying the standard rules or policy stated in the agreement only where mutual effort must be given to solve the issueShow MoreRelatedContinental Airlines900 Words   |  4 Pagescase case Continental Airlines: One Company’s Flight to Success In the last decade, Continental Airlines has had a spotty track record. The airline twice filed for bankruptcy, realized diminished performance culminating in a $613 million loss in 1994, and was ranked dead last in industry indicators such as on-time performance among the major carriers. During these years, employees at Continental had undergone several series of layoffs and withstood both wage cuts and delayed wage increases inRead MoreContinental Airlines13067 Words   |  53 PagesCase Study Data Warehousing Continental Airlines I. Executive Summary Table of Contents I II III IV V Executive Summary The Decision to Invest Implementation New Business Strategies ROI 2 4 6 9 19 20 Technical Appendix A Continental’s comeback from â€Å"Worst to First† is an airline industry legend. Now the company is engaged in a new initiative to move from â€Å"First to Favorite.† To support this ambitious initiative, Continental tapped into its Enterprise Data Warehouse and expanded itRead Morecontinental airlines 1 Essay6446 Words   |  26 Pagesï » ¿Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation Prepared by Neils Christensen and Keri Pearlson As the Texas sun began to set, Janet Wejman, the Chief Information Officer for Continental Airlines looked out the window of her Houston-based office and considered what her next move should be. It was now November 1996 and while she had only been with the company for a few months, she faced a dilemma relating to the airline’s information technology outsourcing agreement withRead MoreContinental Airlines, Inc1205 Words   |  5 PagesContinental Airlines Inc. Analysis Strategic Management Vision Statement Continental Airlines Inc. seeks to lead its industry in superior customer service, innovative technology, employee satisfaction, and environmental advances, at home and abroad. Mission Statement At Continental Airlines Inc., we strive to obtain excellent customer service and satisfaction through technological advances in on-line bookings and e-ticket purchases. We have strict security measures to ensure ourRead More Continental Airlines Essay845 Words   |  4 Pages 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continental Airlines, like other companies in the airline industry, is a volatile organization. However, Continental has many strengths that have allowed it to prevail through tough times and avoid complete ruin. The CEO of Continental Airlines played an important role in reviving the company. His â€Å"Go Forward Plan† vocalized the strategy of the company and focused on every aspect of the organization. Continental has a well-defined target market, providing services to upper-class and businessRead MoreContinental Airlines Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesContinental Airlines Memo To: Lawrence Kellner From: Date: Re: The purpose of this memorandum is to address the profitability issues at Continental Airlines and to estimate the costs for 2009 to forecast the future outlook of the company. To address these issues, I used regression analysis to observe what effect the 11% reduction in flying capacity would have on the firm’s future operating costs. I also used the results from the regression analysis to verify the costs that, if reducedRead MoreContinental Airlines in 2003 Sustaining the Turnaround6037 Words   |  25 Pagesworking for Continental Airlines in the year 1994. It’s unfortunate that the above description couldn’t be rightly called an exaggeration of how awful Continental’s situation was at that time because it actually accurately depicts it. Founded over more than 80 years ago as Verney Speedlines, Continental’s pioneers Walter T. Varney and his partner Louis Mueller would probably turn in their graves if they ever lived to see the state that th eir creation is in. Most would look at Continental and wouldRead MoreThe Merger Between United Airlines And Continental Airlines1147 Words   |  5 Pages Airline Company Merger PART A Discussion on question one: The merger between United Airlines and Continental Airlines experienced some significant challenges. The principal challenge was to integrate the flight information of the two systems. One fear the evident was losing the data during the incorporation, which was vital for the flight s operations). However, the technicians established that Unimatic (United s Information system) was capable of handling the data from both airlinesRead MoreUnited Airlines And Merger With Continental Airlines Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT UAL Corp.’s United Airlines announced merger with Continental Airlines Inc. on May 3, 2010 and became the world’s largest airline. This $3 billion merger between the two airline companies lifted the beigest regulatory hurdle ever in the international aviation sector. In this paper, I will review through the timeline that covers from the announcement of the merger to the completion with major milestones noted and what role the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was playing in this merger. TIMELINERead MoreGordon Bethune and the Complete Transformation of Continental Airlines1580 Words   |  7 Pagescomplete transformation of Continental Airlines Overview When Gordon Bethune left his job at Boeing in February 1994 to accept the position of chief operating officer (COO) of Continental Airlines, the company was struggling to survive. Even though it was the fifth largest commercial airline in the United States, with revenues of nearly 6 billion dollars, the company had reported a net loss every year since 1985, and was ranked the last among the top ten commercial airlines in the United States in

Study On How Derivatives Can Reduce Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1886 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Derivatives are based on the behaviour of the basic assets. Derivatives have a lot of purposes. It can be used to minimise risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On How Derivatives Can Reduce Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order For that it is need to allow the investor to hedge an investment or exposure, and hence it should be act as a function as a sort of insurance policy against adverse market movements. It can also be used to get extra leverage for specialized market speculation. These are a type of contracts which can be used as underlying the assets. It is merely a contract between two parties and its value can be derived from the variations that have occurred in underlying the assets. Mostly the common underlying assts include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies interest rates and market indexes. Commonly derivatives are characterised by high leverage. The ways to how to use derivatives are to hedge risks, to reflect a view on the future direction of the markets, to put a lock in an arbitrage profit, to change the nature of a liability and to change the nature of an investment without incurring the costs of selling one portfolio and buying another. A derivative can also be regarded as a kind of asset, the ownership of which entitles the holder to receive from the seller a cash payment or possibly a series of cash payments at some point in the future, depending in some pre-speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ed way on the behaviour of the underlying assets over the relevant time interval. In some instances, instead of a cash payment another asset might be delivered instead. In general an option is a derivative with a speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ed pay off function that can depend on the prices of one or more underlying assets. It will have speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ c dates when it can be exercised, that is, when the owner of the option can demand payment, based on the value of the pay off function. Derivatives are used for a variety of purposes. They can be used to reduce risk by allowing the investor to hedge an investment or exposure, and hence function as a sort of insurance policy against adverse market movements Derivatives can also be used to gain extra leverage for specialized market speculation. It is important to know the types of the derivatives which are used common and that are Forwards, Futures, Options and swaps. A forward contract is an agreement which is used to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a certain price that is called delivery price. It can be differentiated with a current agreement to buy or sell immediately. Que 1 : (1) what is swap ?* Types of swaps There are five types of swaps and that are interest rate swaps , currency swaps, credit swaps, commodity swaps   and  equity swaps. There are also many other types. Here , the GPL plc represents a very large portion of smith portfolio. Therefore the portfolio could be regarded as non-diversified and is exposed to very large level of specific risk. In order to reduce the specific risk elements in this portfolio entering into the swap has the consequence on effect of diversifying on smith portfolio. These will reduce its exposure through the performance of GPL stock with an equivalence of same exposure to the performance of the FTSE. (2) The strategy of hedging smiths exposure to GPL could be either buy- sell strategy of the underlying securities or the use of swap. However, the swap is potentially more superior than the alternative strategy. Some of the reasons that could be suggested for these kind of view are In order to avoid being taxed on the capital gains. The swap will reduce smiths expose to GPL stock The transaction cost of buying and selling of shares in the cash market will be avoided by using the swap strategy The swa p can be implemented quickly in the simple transactions, whereby avoiding any risk of being exposed to GPLs performance during the transactional period of buying and selling. (b) (1) In view of the fact that GPL has out performed the FTSE 100 index, smith has to pay the difference .Therefore smith is exposed to personal liquidity and cash flow risk. (2) The broker has to pay and there is a high tendency that the broker could diffort. This is a counterparty risk (3) Smith is not hedged until it is able to enter into new swap . The possibilities of having the previous swap terms at a reasonable cost may elude in Question : 2 (a) Calculate the outcome of each strategy if the CAC is equal to 3500, 4000, or 4500 at expiration of the contracts in June Value of CAC at expiration Initial portfolio (no futures or contracts) Portfolio hedged with futures Portfolio issued with puts 3900 Portfolio issued with puts 4000 3500 3,500,000 4,000,000 3,870,000 3,400,000 4000 4,000,000 4,000,000 3,970,000 3,900,000 4500 4,500,000 4,000,000 4,470,000 4,400,000 Working: Value of CAC at expiration is 3500, 4000 and 4500. Initial portfolio can be calculated by multiplying the amount into 100* 10 That is 3500*100*10 = 3,500,000 4000*100*10 = 4,000,000 4500*100*10 = 4,500,000 It is happened because the manager is buying 100 puts and options and futures have a multiple of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 10. The portfolio is hedged with futures is 4000 and that is multiplied into 100*10 (same as above). This is because the futures on the CAC in June trade at 4000. Portfolio issued with puts 3900 Here the strike price is 3900 and premium is 30 (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ per unit of index) Ie, 3500- 30 = 3470*100*10= 3,470,000 4000-30 = 3970*100*10= 3,870,000 4500-30 = 4470 *100*10= 4,470,000 Portfolio issued with puts 4000 Here the strike price is 4000 a nd the premium is 100 (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ per unit of index) Ie, 3500-100 = 3400*100*10= 3,400,000 4000-100 = 3900*100*10 = 3,900,000 4500-100 = 4400 *100*10= 4,400,000 (b) Recommend and justify a strategy to the portfolio manager According to, above table, it is recommended that it is better to buy the 100 puts with a strike rate of 3900 or buy 100 puts with a strike of 4000. Here he can apply the strategy of hedging with futures. First of all, long term bilateral contracts are negotiated with the buyer and the seller. Such agreements have disadvantages. It can be say that, first, they used to expose each party to the risk that the other party may do and face failures in terms of the contract. Thus, while they cover up the companies from commodity price risk, they expose them to credit risk. Secondly, the lack of anonymity of the buyer and seller may strategic disadvantages. Finally the market value of the contract may not be easy to determine, that may making it difficult to track gains and losses. To avoid these disadvantages, as an alternative strategy hedge with futures can be used. A future contract is an agreement to trade an asset on some future date, at a price that is locked in today. Futures contracts are traded anonymously on an exchange at a publically observed market price. In this, both the buyer and seller can get out of the agreement by selling it to a third party at the current market price. These futures contracts are basically designed to eliminate the credit risk. It is determined by the market which is based on the supply and demand for each delivery date. Protection against a drop in the market is provided by hedging with futures, however the manager is deprived of profit potential. Buying puts also provides protection in case of a drop in the market while it is still to keep most of the upside potential although the put premium is deducted from the portfolio value. Therefore the portfolio manager is advis ed to buy 100 puts with a strike price of 4000. Question no: 3 Hedge fund These are collective investments which has a purpose to make the money whether the market goes up or down or sideways. These types of funds can make money when the share prices are falling. It can be done by using some techniques that is by going long or short on a share. How does the hedge fund works? Whenever an investor goes short, it is believed that the equity will fall in value. There are two main ways that hedge funds can do this. The first is by shorting the stock, where the investor borrows a stock to sell it, with the hope it will decrease in value so they can buy it back at a lower price and keep the difference. However the hedge funds are not only limited to equities. They will invest in anything that makes them a profit, including foreign currency, bonds or commodities. The hedge fund would aim at ensuring that at end of the day the beta value of its portfolio is equal to zero. I n order to achieve this goal it would meet to sell short -shares from list B, the proceeds of the actions would be used to buy shares from list A for an equal amount. The hedge funds could take long short positions for up to a sum of  £ 50 million. Other strategies in the same way as this could be to borrow  £25 m worth of shares in the list B and the sell them short. Use the sale profit to buy  £25 m shares in list A. Deposit  £9m as maintenance margin. This is 18% that the hedge fund is required as a deposit. From this question, it can be seen that the paying margin is 18% of the value of the stock. We can see that hedge fund makes a lot of money in all aspects. It is advised him to sell shares from the list B as this list of shares are considered as overvalued and also it is expected that shares from list B will underperform the British index by 5 percent over the year . also it is better to buy the shares from the list A as this list of shares are considered as und ervalued and also it is expected that shares from list A will outperform the British index by 5 percent over the year. These buying and selling shares are for equal amount in such a way that the overall value of the portfolio with respect to the market will be equal to zero. It is advised him to keep  £1 million in cash and take  £9 million and deposit in the margin account. It is asked him to hedge fund to take long positions of  £50 million.  £9 M / 0.18= £50M It is say that good to borrow  £25 m of shares in list B from a broker and go short on these shares. Also advised to buy shares of worth £25 m from the list A. by doing these type of buying and selling the position in list A B will well established and portfolio will be zero. When looking at the invested amount  £50 m=  £9 m / 0.18 this is why  £9m is invested in the margin market. It enables him to go short or long with  £25 m. Abitrage pricing Arbitrage is the key to unders tanding the mathematics of derivative pricing. No arbitrage means that it is not possible to construct a strategy that on average makes a pro ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ t higher than the risk free rate without taking some risks. This also imples that is not possible to construct a strategy that requires no cash input but has some positive probability of making pro ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ts without any risk of a loss. No arbitrage also implies that given two strategies with the same initial position, and guaranteed  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nal positions, then these  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nal positions must be equal. Otherwise, by going long the strategy with the higher  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nal value and short the other we would generate an arbitrage. Similarly if two strategies have the same  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ nal value and involve the same risk they need to have the same initial value.

The Disadvantages Of Censorship In China - 1459 Words

Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. There are good reasons why censorship is used, such as some information might have to be censored for the content it might display and which in turn might cause a disturbance in peace. Countries try not abuse the fact they are allowed to do this because they are the ones who create the rules. However, China is abusing this fact and has been doing it to the point people are fearing what they can post or use on the internet. This issue was brought up in recent years because it has many different types of medians that were found in the New York Times. Firstly, the discussion†¦show more content†¦No one wants to watch a video of people getting hurt and be manipulated into doing others work. That is why there are rules in place and why censorship exist, to keep the internet safe from such videos or pictures. A great example of why we need censorship is cyberbullying or cyberterrorism. If we did not have censorship in place this would get out of control and cause chaos. However, censoring to the point where people have no right to the freedom of speech is taking it to far. China has almost done this by removing almost all forms of communication besides texting, calling, and e-mailing. Their lastest move was the removal of the WhatsApp, it was a very popular app in China because of how well it was for communication and sending out information for others to see. While they did not fully remove the app from its place, they did however, reduce the usage by disrupting the videos, video chat, and picture function to the point of the app not being useful. WhatsApp is an app that was founded by Facebook and is now being censored by the Chinese. WhatsApp was Facebooks way in getting back into China, but because of government trying to get rid of it, the company has taken a major blow. Facebook only stak e in the country is the Colorful Balloons app. This event has many featured articles that are relevant to the issue such as the â€Å"China Blocks WhatsApp, Broadening Online Censorship.† At first, users of the app were having disruptions when sending voiceShow MoreRelatedGoogle in China Case Study791 Words   |  4 PagesGOOGLE IN CHINA CASE STUDY Introduction Currently Google faces major issues regarding its operation in China. Google has been faced with the decision to comply with Chinese government regulation and censor its search engine results or take on the human rights approach of freedom of speech and eliminate censorship of searched terms. This paper will examine the case study, Google in China, and answer the following questions: What advantages and disadvantages does Google have in the Chinese marketRead MoreThe Invention Of The World Wide Web1674 Words   |  7 Pagesvirtually. With the number of users expanding greatly, the risk of privacy has also increased. In online blogs where pros and cons of the internet was the topic, the first con that was listed was the privacy of personal information (The Advantages Disadvantages of The Internet:.). Whether it is the login information for a person’s social media account, or the login information for a person’s bank account, there is a risk of the privacy of a person b eing taken away. Login information is a minimal pieceRead MoreCensorship And Freedom Of Speech Essay1947 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship is becoming a great issue lately especially in china.there is type of censorship moral ,political ,book and intent.it is by definition anything can be offensive or harmful so it must be banned usually by high authority as governments .it is arguable whether the governments have the right to censor the media or no.people debate it because it is limit the freedom of speech and press if the authorities have the power to control media by controlling the information. However,media shouldRead MoreThe Offshoring Debate in a Small Organization1994 Words   |  8 PagesMoreover, American creativity and ingenuity is often at stake when IT and other technical needs are outsourced. This could place technology in danger of pirating. With fewer restrictions on copywriting in many of the nations we now outsource to, like China, sensitive and innovative techno logies can be at risk for illegal copying. Many of the nations that work with outsourcing have been slow to set up greater restrictions and regulations in regards to protecting copyright and other forms of creative capitolRead MoreEbay s Strategy Of China912 Words   |  4 PagesEbay’s Strategy in China Founded in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar, eBay became a very successful U.S. company that provides global e-commerce and e-payments. EBay developed very rapidly due its unique expansion strategies. While during mid – to late 1990s dotcom companies had been facing failure of their crash, EBay managed to survive and by 2006 had 221.6 million registered users (Exhibit 10), 2.4 billion items listed (Exhibit 5), and global net revenues of $4.3 billion (Exhibit 4). In order to describeRead MoreBriefly Compare the Political Regime Type in China and India. Which of the Two Would You Prefer to Do Business in and Why?1478 Words   |  6 PagesPOLI3001 Assignment No. 2 Briefly compare the political regime type in China and India. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? India and China are two republics that have experienced very opposing political regimes throughout history. China has been fundamentally stable country with a lack of a distinct authority figure (Desai, 2003). Being a single party state China has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 (Wang,Read MoreHow Censorship Is Necessary Or Harmful?2561 Words   |  11 Pages A. Introduction Censorship is a program that has limitations on quite a number of things online. There has always been a sense of divergence with internet users on whether or not censorship is necessary or actually needed. Everyone has their own beliefs. A number of people believe that some things must be censored, while others thinks that everyone must have the freedom to watch anything they wants or search any of the information they want. B. i) Internet growth and evaluation When you come toRead MoreThe Ethical Implications of Cloud Computing on Society1724 Words   |  7 Pagesby renewable energy† (Jones, 2013). Ethical Concerns with Cloud Computing While Cloud Computing has many business and environment advantages, there are many ethical issues and risks that corporations and consumers need to consider. One disadvantage of Cloud Computing from an end-user perspective is that vendors can â€Å"lock-in† their customers to proprietary solutions, and make it extremely difficult to switch to competitor solutions in the future (McKendrick, 2011). Once vendor’s lock-in Read MoreInternet Censorship in China Essay4431 Words   |  18 PagesFYC Ruoxuan (Catherine) Yuan Internet Censorship has negative effects on China Censorship in China has gained much attention recently because of the conflict between Google and the Chinese government’s self-censorship policies. In fact, censorship has been practiced since ancient China and the intensity only increases by the years. Nowadays, the most notable measure of censorship is being done on the Internet. More and more restrictions have been put into actions by the Chinese government, whichRead MoreEssay on Comparing the Internet in China and the United States1744 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the Internet in China and the United States. China was chosen due to the restrictive and closely scrutinized nature of its Internet, in contrast to the internet in United States which has significantly more freedom and protected by the freedom of speech and expression. This study will include: †¢ Distribution and segmentation of the medium in both countries †¢ Ownership †¢ National regulatory structures †¢ Socio-economic origins

The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art Free Essays

In â€Å"Herakles writes home† we can see how Marian Maguire has used Greek mythological figures taken from ancient Greek vases and put them into the scenes of New Zealand’s colonization and conflict with Maori to show the effects of the British settlers had on the shaping of New Zealand’s fate be it negative or positive depending on the viewpoint of the viewers. The pot Maguire uses in â€Å"Herakles writes home† is a black figure Volute Krater similar in shape to the Black-figure Volute Krater made by an Anonymous Greek painter between 525  and 500  BC. The Pot shares many resemblances with the one used in Herakles writes home which lets me make the assumption that the shape of the pot in the lithograph is a Volute Krater. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of their middle body pieces are the in shape with large top which gets smaller the further towards the bottom it goes but Black figure Volute Krater has more of a slant to where it reaches the base piece whereas the pot in Maguire’s lithograph has a sharp change in angle where it reaches the bottom. The bottom piece in the two pots is again similar with some variation between the two. The pot in the Herakles writes home has a flatter band around the base of it which allows for it to have a decorative band in it unlike the Black figure Volute Krater. The band below the top band in the Volute Krater is practically the same in shape to the one used in the Pot in the Herakles writes home Lithograph the only difference is the Black figure Volute Krater lacks decoration there. The top band of the two pots is similar but there is a bigger difference between them than most of the other parts of the pot. In the Pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph the top band is joined at the sides to the handles whereas the Black Figure Volute Krater’s handles don’t meet at the sides of the top band they are joined to the top of the pot, The top band is similar in shape to each other though the Black Figure Volute Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Krater does have more of slant to it. Where the handles come out of the pot there is the biggest difference. In Herakles writes home the handles come out of the pot and keep their shape and decoration the same through the whole handle whereas the handles come out of the pot black and smaller than the ends of the handles in the Black Figure Volute Krater then change into orangey/red with patterns and thicker handles. Even with those differences t is clear that the figure of the original Black figure Volute Krater has influenced what the shape of the pot in Maguire’s lithograph and that it is clearly an Attic Volute Krater. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. The decorative feature on the pot in the Herakles writes is clearly influenced by other c lassical pots but Maguire has incorporated them into a unique way. The handles on the pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph are double ivy leaf but not the traditional ones you find on ancient Greek pot’s Maguire has put a twist on it by replacing the ivy leave shape with that of the Kowhai tree which is native to New Zealand (Something about what it shows about something) Another decoration in the pot that bears classical influence is the chevron pattern on the foot of the pot depicted in Maguire’s lithograph similar to the pattern around the top of the Persephone painter’s red-figure bell-Krater. 440 B. C. Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter 440 B. C. ; Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter What’s interesting about the pattern is that the leaves used are that they are olive tree leaves arranged I a way that it looks like an olive wreath. The reason Maguire has chosen to use an olive wreath in this particular artwork is that an olive wreath signifies being victorious and also peace as in the ancient Greek Olympic Games the winners of events were awarded Olive Wreaths from wild-olive leafs from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Maguire used this as a symbol because it creates a contrast between the settlers and England at that time, as Herakles was the son of Zeus it gives a family link between the figure of Herakles in place of a settler on the pot and the wreath is a symbol of Zeus who being the father of Herakles would be in the Place of Settler period England. The presence of the wreath also signifies the victory of the Maori population of new Zealand which if in the Ancient Olympic Games the two cultures, Maori and Settler, would have een awarded to the victor which in this case was the settlers, this can be backed up by the relaxed and post battle/victorious feel of the scene on the belly of the pot. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. The next feature on the pot on Maguire’s lithograph was stylised rays, but not as the same as the classical Greek stylised rays depict iced on the picture to the left but with a European/settler twist. Maguire has put in Settler Farming tools In the place of the classical Greek’s rays. This drastic change to what normally would have gone in there leaves us wondering why she would change this. The reason behind this would be that it shows how drastic the change the settlers bought in on New Zealand and replaced the old with their new stuff leaving little evidence of the old but its adapted style and structure. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Herakles was perhaps the most glorified and famous Greek hero who achieved immortality due to his feats and Maguire has used this image of Herakles to reinforce the ideas she is conveying. The idea of Herakles as his own man is perhaps the misconceived thing about him as his twelve labours were directed by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns and Mycenae on the command of Apollo after killing his wife and children in a fit of madness Hera induced in him, but it is important to point out that even though he was under the command of Eurytheus he did it of his own free will and by completing these twelve labours he became the greatest hero in all of Greek mythology. By skilfully using Herakles in the place of settlers Maguire has given us a better understanding of the message she is conveying. One of the main things about Herakles being the Greek mythological figure Maguire used is the fact that he was an instrument to complete the tasks of Eurystheus which the settlers were to England merely tools to complete tasks for their own benefit. In the case of Herakles he built up his own â€Å"Kleos† by completing these feats and intimidating Eurythesus causing Eurythesus to fear for his life â€Å"Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the earth† Apollodorus, the ancient writer who collected legends in his mythology handbook, the  library, this may not be a completely true tale as Myths handed down orally and weren’t physically recorded until late after their creation which makes bits of the Myth liable to changes because of a sort of Chinese whisper effect. This is similar to the situation with the settlers and England latter on http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 How to cite The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art, Essay examples

Difference in Culture Effecting Business Communication

Question: What is role of Communication in business activity. What are the different types of communication styles used in an organisation. Also explain all these communicationstyle should be used in oder to achieve goal. Introduction Communication is the key to every business activity. It helps the people in the business to cooperate and collaborate for a definite cause. The decision making and control are all possible through effective communication process in the business enterprises. In the present day world, the multinationals have grown their business process in various countries and regions. This has led to the development of various cultures in one business set up of a company. The difference culture is characterized by different backgrounds and languages of the employees working in a company. This affects the negotiation process and effective management which requires complete understanding of each culture that exist in the organization. This way different communication styles are required to be developed to achieve high end goals and objectives for the company maintain peace, harmony and collaboration in the organization (Guang Trotter, 2012). Communication styles used in organizations to fill the gaps created by culture Types of communication style: There are different types of communication styles that have been identified to help the effective management of the business enterprises (Henry, 2007). This includes the followings. Assertive: The Assertive communication style is method in which the others are communicated about the decisions taken without being too aggressive or passive. This way the medium level approach is used in which the voice of the person remains medium, open posture and relaxed behavior is applied. The respect of others is also done in decision making process but the final call is given by the higher management which is required to be followed by the employees. Aggressive: Aggressive communication style is referred to the method in which the behavior of other people is affected up to extent so that the organization goals are achieved at any cost. In this kind of communication style the voice of the person remains loud along with bigger postures and sharp gestures. This way threatening and hostile behavior may be observed to make other work as per the decision taken to achieve the organization objectives. Passive aggressive: In the passive aggressive style of communication the person does not openly dictate the decision, but still respond accordingly in an indirect manner. This way the others are made felt the after math of the outcome achieved by them through application of demotion, removal, complaint etc against the person. This way a person stays to communicate in a sweet voice but continues to keep aggressive thoughts and shows the effect in the decision making through asymmetrical postures and jerky or quick gesture. Submissive: A Submissive communication style is that which considers peace and harmony application in the organization at the cost of compromising the organization objectives. That is efforts are made by the person to avoid conflict and please others. This way the employees are given more rights and often controlled lesser. This kind of communication style is featured by apologetic behavior with soft volume, head down posture and twist gestures from the authorized personnel. Manipulative: In Manipulative communication style the decisions of others are controlled and influenced with making any aggressive directions towards them. This way the cunning behavior of the person directs the employees to achieve the organization goals for their personal advantage. The voice used in this communication style is more patronizing, and the facial expressions are more of hand dog type. The other people are controlled and influenced in such a way that they wont even know that they are trying to achieve a definite goal for the authorized person. Applying the communication styles in an organization The application of the various discussed communication styles is done in the organization with the motive of achieving organization goals that will result in achieving sustenance and development in the long run (Guang Trotter, 2012). The application of the various communication style can be done to achieve the followings. Regulating behavior in multi-cultural scenario: The main motive behind every communication in an organization is to regulate the behavior of the employees. This way ranging from high to low context communication styles are used to direct the employees towards achievement of certain objectives and goals. This way either in written or oral communication method the employees are directed towards a certain achievement or guided to respond accordingly as per the expectations of the higher management. In a multi-cultural scenario the norms and directions are communicated using personal contacts and close supervision so that the correct and exact message should be transmitted. This way through personal contacts efforts are made to avoid any confusion and achieve formal approval of all the employees with different cultural backgrounds. Contracts: The cultural difference often tends to affect the contract in a business organization. In western countries the contracts are homogenous, however in other countries the contract may vary in features. This way the communication style from the above stated is adopted to convey the terms and conditions of the contract to the employees from different cultural backgrounds. This way they are stated with the terms and conditions of work so that they do not feel cheated or exploited later on. Negotiations and decision making: The negotiations and decision making is severely affected by the cultural difference. The cultural difference results in creating obstacles in the negotiations and decision making. The employees are sometimes unable to understand the proposals that are sent by the employees of different cutlures for decision making process. This way confrontational bargaining technique can be applied to understand the exact meaning and objective of the proposal so that the appropriate decision making process can be adopted. Thus one on one bargaining helps in bringing the multi-cultural employees direct in contact with the higher management so that the effective and most acceptable decision is reached out. Establishing relationships: In a multicultural organization it is always tried to bring in relationships between employees so that they can work hard and collaborate with each other towards achievement of organization goals. An organization where employees belonging to different culture come together to make efforts for achieving organization goals actually bring in synergy effect. This way efficient decision making and effective outcome is achieved through the formal communication process. Transparency: In an multicultural organization the effective communication style helps in bringing transparency. The employees of different cultures do not feel alienated. This way they consider themselves to be the part of the whole organization group and work to achieve the organization goals as assigned to them. Also the complaints and negative thoughts are all removed through the transparency application in the business process and the employees trust the organization and its decision making process. Criticism The critics are of the view that the communication style used may or may not be appropriate in an organization. Therefore it is difficult to select the correct communication style in a multicultural environment. Thus it is mere the understanding of the authorities to apply the particular communication style that could effectively bring in higher gains and benefits to the organization by achieving collaboration of various employees (Gill, 2002). Critics are also of the view that the various communication styles that are suggested may not help in a multicultural environment. This is because, that in some cultures the control of the management is considered important to get effective outcomes. For instance in Chinese, Japanese and other Asian cultures the management is expected to control and direct the employees. However in the European cultures the employees do not like to be controlled or regulated for any reason. In American culture there is mix of Asian and European culture. Therefore a formal level of control is actually tried to be achieved so that the employee can efficiently work towards achievement of organization goals (Boswell Olson-Buchanan, 2007). Critics are of the view that the Cultural difference cannot be controlled through effective communication. Thus it is suggested that to direct and control the employees so that they only feel themselves to be the employees of the company while in the premises. Thus the development in terms of culture should be avoided in the organization (Chopra Meindl, 2001). Conclusion In the end, cultural difference affects the business communication process. It acts a halt in the decision making and control process that is required to achieve the different organization objectives. Various communication styles are discussed so that the cultural difference affects can be undermined and the effective management can be administered (Bent, 2008). The various benefits of using the effective communication style has also been discussed which could help in the achievement of organization goals and maintain harmony within the employees in an organization. Finally criticism has been done on the basis that no communication process can prove effective to tackle with the cultural differences and therefore development of culture in an organization should be avoided (Benn Martin, 2010). Also the selection of the most appropriate communication style is considered a difficult task as per the critics view. These way efforts should be concentrated to achieve harmony, collaboration and cooperation within an organization with cultural difference to achieve organization targets and goals. Bibliography Benn, S. Martin, A., 2010. Learning and Change for Sustainability Reconsidered: A Role for Boundary Objects. Academy of Management, Learning and Education, 9(3), pp.397-412. Bent, H.E., 2008. Professionalization of the Ph.d degree. College composition and communication 58 no. 4, 2007, 5 December. p.141. Boswell, W.R. Olson-Buchanan, J.B., 2007. "The Use of Communication Technologies After Hours: The Role of Work Attitudes and Work-Life Conflict". Journal of Management, 33(4), p.592. Butkeviciene, V.J., Stravinskiene Rutelione, A., 2008. Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process. Incinerate Economical-Engineering Economics, 1, pp.57-65. Chopra, S. Meindl, P., 2001. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operation. 1st ed. New Jersey: Princeton Hall. Gill, R., 2002. Change management or change leadership? Journal of Change Management, pp.3 (4), 307-318. Guang, T. Trotter, D., 2012. Key issues in cross-cultural business communication: Anthropological approaches to international business. African Journal of Business Management., 6(22), pp.6456-64. Henry, E.B., 2007. Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree. College Composition and Communication 58 no.4, p.141.

Earth Day free essay sample

Earth Day  is an annual holiday, celebrated on April 22, on which events are held worldwide to demonstrate support for environmental protection. In 2013 the day is 43 years old. It is now coordinated globally by the  Earth Day Network,[1]  and is celebrated in more than 192 countries every year. [2] In 1969 at a  UNESCO  Conference in San Francisco, the date proposed was March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of natures equipoise was later sanctioned in a Proclamation signed by Secretary General  U Thant  at the  United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by  United States Senator  Gaylord Nelson  as an environmental  teach-in  first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award in recognition of his work. [3]  While this April 23 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by  Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations. [4][5]  Numerous communities celebrate  Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on environmental issues. The first Earth Day family had participants and celebrants in two thousand colleges and universities, roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities across the United States. More importantly, it brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform. [6]  It now is observed in 192 countries, and coordinated by the nonprofit  Earth Day Network, chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer Denis Hayes, according to whom Earth Day is now the largest secular holiday in the world, celebrated by more than a billion people every year. [7]  Environmental groups have sought to make Earth Day into a day of action which changes human behavior and provokes policy changes. ]Earth Day 1970 in New York City In the winter of 1969-1970, a group of students met at Columbia University to hear Denis Hayes talk about his plans for Earth Day. Among the group were Fred Kent, Pete Grannis, and Kristin and William Hubbard. This New York group agreed to head up the New York City part of the national movement. Fred Kent took the lead in renting an office and recruiting volunteers. The big break came when Mayor Lindsay agreed to shut down Fifth Avenue for the event. A giant cheer went up in the office on that day, according to Kristin Hubbard (now Kristin Alexandre). From that time on we used Mayor Lindsays offices and even his staff. I was Speaker Coordinator but had tremendous help from Lindsay staffer Judith Crichton. In addition to shutting down  Fifth Avenue, Mayor  John Lindsay  made  Central Park  available for Earth Day. The crowd was estimated as more than one million—by far the largest in the nation. Since  Manhattan  was also the home of NBC, CBS, ABC, the  New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, it provided the best possible anchor for national coverage from their reporters throughout the country. Edmund Muskiespeaking to an estimated 40-60,000 at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia on Earth Day, 1970 U. S. Senator  Edmund Muskie  was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate  Ralph Nader; Landscape Architect  Ian McHarg; Nobel prize-winning Harvard Biochemist,  George Wald; U. S. Senate Minority Leader,  Hugh Scott; and poet,  Allen Ginsberg. Photos, video, and other previously unpublished information are available to the public at EarthWeek1970. The official logo of the  Mount EverestEarth Day 20 International Peace Climb Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of  environmental issues  onto the world stage, Earth Day activities in 1990 gave a huge boost to  recycling  efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992  United Nations  Earth Summit  in  Rio de Janeiro. Unlike the first Earth Day in 1970, this 20th Anniversary was waged with stronger marketing tools, greater access to television and radio, and multimillion-dollar budgets. 10] Two separate groups formed to sponsor Earth Day events in 1990: The Earth Day 20 Foundation, assembled by  Edward Furia  (Project Director of Earth Week in 1970), and Earth Day 1990, assembled by  Denis Hayes  (National Coordinator for Earth Day 1970). Senator  Gaylord Nelson, the original founder of Earth Day, was honorary chairman for both groups. The two did not combine forces over disagreements about leadership of combined organization and incompatible structures and strategies. 10]  Among the disagreements, key Earth Day 20 Foundation organizers were critical of Earth Day 1990 for including on their boardHewlett Packard, a company that at the time was the second-biggest emitter of chlorofluorocarbons in Silicon Valley and refused to switch to alternative solvents. [10]  In terms of marketing, Earth Day 20 had a grassroots approach to organizing and relied largely on locally based groups like the  National Toxics Campaign, a Boston-based coalition of 1,000 local groups concerned with industrial pollution. Earth Day 1990 employed strategies including focus group testing, direct mail fund raising, and email marketing. 10] The Earth Day 20 Foundation highlighted its April 22 activities in  George, Washington, near the  Columbia River  with a live satellite phone call with members of the historic  Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb  who called from their base camp on  Mount Everest  to pledge their support for world peace and attention to environmental issues. [11]  The Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb was led by  Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mt. Everest (many years earlier), and marked the first time in history that mountaineers from the  United States,  Soviet Union, and  China  had roped together to climb a mountain, let alone.